Damp proofing is a process which retards or slows water penetration into foundations. Damp proofing is usually performed by applying unmodified asphalt coatings to the foundation surfaces. Most of these products become brittle when dry. Some of them can actually be dissolved by ground water. Virtually none of them have the ability to bridge foundation cracks. However, damp proofing compounds are generally very effective in stopping water vapor transmission. Untreated concrete or other masonry products readily absorb water from the soil around your house. This water travels through the concrete and evaporates from the inside surface of the basement wall. Frequently the walls will appear dry, however, the water is still being transmitted into your basement. Unless a water vapor barrier was installed beneath your floor, this same thing is happening with your basement concrete slab. That is why older houses frequently have “damp” feeling basements. The widespread use of damp proofing methods did not begin until the 1950’s.

Source: http://www.askthebuilder.com/B15_Waterproof_Foundation_and_Damp_Proofing.shtml

Asbestos is a useful material made of six different fibrous minerals, namely: chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. These asbestos minerals come from mines throughout the world, including mines in such locations as South America, Australia and Canada. Best known for its heat retardant capacity, asbestos is used in such products as roofing shingles, automobile brake pads, floor tiles, and assorted gaskets. Asbestos wraps were also commonly used over the years to insulate heating ducts and water pipes in homes, offices, and other buildings.

While asbestos has some outstanding benefits and is part of a number of useful products, it also has numerous hazardous aspects to it. Individuals exposed to asbestos fibers can suffer lung damage, heart damage, cancer, and other disabilities. Exposure to asbestos has also proven deadly. The negative aspects of asbestos have caused quite a stir since the 1960’s, when many of the problems associated with asbestos were discovered. Lawsuits seeking damages for asbestos-related disabilities and deaths have often been in the news.

In general, almost everyone has been exposed to some sort of asbestos. Asbestos fibers enter the air and water during the routine breakdown of asbestos products. These fibers neither evaporate nor dissolve. For example, when the brakes are applied to a car, asbestos fibers are released into the air. While such limited exposure is not necessarily cause for alarm, repeated exposure, or exposure to large amounts of asbestos, can lead to the problems described earlier.

Employees of businesses that mine asbestos minerals or make asbestos products have a much greater risk of asbestos exposure than the average citizen. Citizens who live near asbestos manufacturing plants risk exposure to asbestos, as well. Asbestosis is the term used to describe the disease for those who suffer from lung-related problems due to asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma is a serious disease that may result from overexposure to asbestos.

In light of the many concerns about asbestos, many homeowners, schools, and businesses have sought to have asbestos products removed from their premises. Typically, the asbestos removal process, known as asbestos abatement, requires compliance with strict procedures to insure hazardous fibers are not released into the air, and thus endangering others. While working on hazardous projects like this, the abatement workers wear protective clothing and masks to insure their own protection.

Source: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-asbestos.htm

Electrical installations
Landlords should ensure that the electrical installation (fixed wiring, etc) is safe to use. The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 requires landlords to ensure the electrical installation is safe when the tenancy begins, and that it is maintained in a safe condition throughout that tenancy. One way of ensuring safety is to undertake a regular visual inspection of the installation, looking for any obvious signs of damage such as damaged cables, socket-outlets showing scorch marks, etc. In addition, the Institution of Electrical Engineers recommends that electrical installations are formally inspected and tested by a competent person on change of occupancy, and at least once every ten years.

Formal inspection and testing should only be undertaken by someone competent to do such work, such as an Approved Contractor. Formal inspection and testing should be more frequent where the risk is found to be greater, for instance where the installation is very old, where damage is regularly found during inspections, etc.

Electrical appliances
Official guidance issued by the Department of Trade and Industry strongly advises estate agents, letting agents, landlords and anyone else who lets furnished accommodation to seek independent advice as to who is responsible for the safety electrical appliances supplied in the course of business. If landlords provide any electrical appliances (cookers, kettles, toasters, washing machines, immersion heaters, etc) as part of the tenancy, the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1994 require them to ensure the appliances are safe to use when first supplied. Each time the property is re-let, it will be classed as supplying to that tenant for the first time.

Landlords therefore need to maintain the electrical equipment they supply, taking reasonably practicable precautions to ensure the appliances are safe. A combination of visual inspection, and formal inspection and testing by a competent person such as an NICEIC Approved Contractor, should help achieve this.

As with any electrical equipment, regular visual inspections should be undertaken, to check for signs of:
• damage, such as cuts or abrasions to the cable covering;
• damage to the plug such as the casing is cracked or the pins are bent;
• non-proprietory joints, including taped, in the cable;
• the outer covering of the cable not being gripped where it enters the plug or equipment. Look to see if the coloured insulation of the internal wires is showing;
• equipment that has been used in conditions where it is not suitable, such as a wet or dusty workplace;
• damage to the outer cover of the equipment or obvious loose parts or screws;
• overheating (burn marks)

A formal inspection could also include removal of the plug cover to check:
• the cord grip is holding the outer part of the cable tightly;
• the wires, including the earth wire where fitted, are attached to the correct terminals;
• no bare wire is visible other than at the terminals;
• the terminal screws are tight;
• there is no sign of internal damage, overheating or entry of liquid, dust or dirt.

Most of these checks apply to extension leads and their plugs and sockets.
However, some faults cannot be detected by inspections, particularly lack of continuous earths, and for some equipment the earth connection is essential to safety. Therefore, all earthed equipment and most leads and plugs connected to equipment should also have an occasional combined inspection and test to look for faults. Combined inspection and testing should be carried out where there is reason to suspect the equipment may be faulty, damaged or contaminated, but where this cannot be confirmed by visual inspection. Combined testing should also be carried out after any repair or similar work to the equipment. Suggested intervals are shown in the table below.

Keeping records of the results of inspection and testing can be useful, and can prove important should there be an accident.

Extension Leads
The use of extension leads should be avoided where possible. If used, they should be tested as portable appliances. It is recommended that 3-core leads (including a protective earthing conductor) be used.

A standard 13 A 3-pin extension socket-outlet with a 2-core cable should never be used even if the appliance to be used is Class II, as it would not provide protection against electric shock if used at any time with an item of Class I equipment.

Portable Equipment Outdoors
The current requirement for supplies to portable equipment outdoors is that all socket-outlets which may reasonably be expected to supply portable equipment outdoors, must be protected by an RCD with a rated residual operating current not exceeding 30mA to provide supplementary protection against direct contact.

In domestic premises, where no dedicated 30mA RCD protected socket-outlets are provided, the requirement would usually apply to all the socket-outlets located on the ground floor. However, depending on the particular premises, the requirement might also apply to other levels. Socket-outlets installed below kitchen worktops may usually be considered to be unavailable for connection of outdoor portable equipment, and would therefore not be required to be RCD protected. It would be prudent to exclude socket-outlets intended for refrigerators and freezers from circuits which require sensitive RCD protection.

Source: http://www.niceic.org.uk/specifiers/landlords.html